Ukiyo-Japan » What skills a Samurai Must Have – Skilled Assassin, Sensitive Poet, Disciplined Philosopher?

Who stands on the other side of the deadly katana blade?

Imagine a katana – a long, incredibly sharp weapon that symbolizes lethal precision. On one side of the katana is its deadly blade – capable of easily ending a human life. On the other side of this blade stands a man. However, this is not an ordinary man, but a warrior trained from early childhood to wield the katana in such a way that from the moment he grasps the handle (tsuka), draws the katana from the scabbard (saya), to the fatal cut (kiri) and shaking off the blood from the blade (chiburi), no more than one second passes. This is a versatilely trained samurai, whose perceptual and physical skills enable him to take life in any imaginable situation.

Of course, as a society, we would not want such a walking killing machine to be an unpredictable savage who feels no responsibility for his actions. On the contrary, we would want the samurai, given his power over the lives and deaths of those he encounters, to be a paragon of virtues, educated in culture, philosophy, poetry, and, above all, a master of self-discipline, a man with a profound sense of responsibility for his actions and for others.

And such a person, as described above, we call a samurai. In today's article, we will explore what samurai training entailed, what combat, spiritual, and intellectual skills a samurai possessed, and what kind of person he was (at least the theoretical ideal to which Japanese warriors aspired).

(I must add that since I am writing about a large group of people, it is obvious that this is a description of certain common features that were most prevalent, but as it is a description of a group – it is clear that each individual could, in his particular way, be an exception to the general rule.)

Let's briefly recall who the samurai were.

Samurai played a key role in Japan's culture and history for centuries, being not only elite warriors but also guardians of moral and cultural values. Their influence extended far beyond the battlefield – shaping the country's politics, literature, art, and philosophy. The Bushido code, which guided their lives, emphasized honor, loyalty, courage, and self-discipline, making the samurai role models and symbols of Japanese identity. Even after the fall of the feudal system, the legacy of the samurai continues to have a significant impact on modern Japan, inspiring both literature and pop culture.

A samurai, meaning "one who serves," derives its significance from the Japanese word "saburau" (侍う), which means "to serve." From the 12th to the 19th century, samurai constituted a warrior class who served local lords, known as daimyo, and shoguns. They were not only masters of martial arts but also educated and spiritually developed men who cultivated Bushido values. Over time, the role of the samurai evolved from simple warriors to administrators and intellectuals, highlighting their versatility and significance in Japanese history.

A samurai's education encompassed much more than just combat skills. Samurai studied literature, philosophy, calligraphy, and fine arts to develop their minds and spirits. Familiarity with classical literature and the ability to compose poetry (haiku) were as important as proficiency in martial arts. Confucian philosophy and Zen influences were integral parts of their training, helping them achieve inner peace and mental clarity necessary on the battlefield and beyond.

It is this balance between mastery in martial arts and deep spirituality and intellectual development that made samurai such remarkable figures in Japanese history. Their lives were a constant pursuit of excellence, both physically and spiritually. In this article, we will delve into the skills and competencies a samurai had to master to become a true master of his craft and a role model in feudal Japanese society.

COMBAT

Samurai were masters of many martial arts that shaped them into warriors capable of fighting in various situations and against different opponents. Their combat skills included both hand-to-hand combat and the use of various weapons, making them extremely versatile and dangerous. What combat techniques did they need to master perfectly?

Kenjutsu (剣術): The Art of Swordsmanship

Kenjutsu, which literally means "the art of the sword," is one of the most important techniques practiced by samurai. Kenjutsu has its roots in the 12th century when warriors began systematizing their swordsmanship skills. One of the most famous Kenjutsu schools is the Katori Shinto-ryu, founded by Choiisai Ienao.

Training in Kenjutsu included learning various cutting techniques, parrying, and dodging, as well as sparring with wooden swords (bokuto). Samurai had to master the art of precise cuts (kiri) and effective defense, which were essential for survival on the battlefield. The philosophy of Kenjutsu emphasized the unity of body and mind and the continuous improvement of one's skills.

In modern times, Kenjutsu still exists as a traditional martial art, but many of its techniques and principles have evolved into modern disciplines such as Kendo (剣道), which is a sport form of sword fighting. Kendo, literally "the way of the sword," is practiced worldwide and emphasizes character development and discipline through rigorous training with bamboo swords (shinai) and protective armor (bogu). Although Kendo focuses on the sporting aspects of combat, its roots and techniques are directly derived from the traditions of Kenjutsu.

Kyujutsu (弓術): The Art of Archery

Kyujutsu, also known as Kyudo (弓道), or "the way of the bow," was another essential skill of the samurai. Archery was of great importance in their training, especially in times when long-distance combat was very significant. The tradition of Kyujutsu dates back to ancient times, but it was during the Heian (794-1185) and Kamakura (1185-1333) periods that the techniques and style of archery began to be formalized.

Training in Kyujutsu involved not only learning to shoot the bow but also developing concentration and mental calm. Samurai practiced shooting at stationary and moving targets, often from horseback (Yabusame, 流鏑馬). The traditional Japanese bow, yumi (弓), was long and asymmetrical, requiring a specific technique for holding and drawing. Kyujutsu symbolized precision, discipline, and harmony between body and spirit.

Today, Kyujutsu continues to be practiced as Kyudo (弓道), which means "the way of the bow." Kyudo is a more formal and spiritual version of traditional archery, emphasizing meditation, discipline, and personal development. It is not only a martial art but also a form of art and spiritual practice. Kyudo is practiced worldwide, and its principles and techniques are taught by various schools and organizations, such as the International Kyudo Federation (IKYF). Modern Kyudo retains many technical and philosophical elements of Kyujutsu while adapting to contemporary realities.

Jujutsu (柔術): Hand-to-Hand Combat Techniques

Jujutsu ("gentle art") is a system of hand-to-hand combat that emphasized using the opponent's force and energy against them. Jujutsu developed during the Edo period (1603-1868) and was an integral part of samurai training. Jujutsu techniques included throws, joint locks, grappling, and evasions, allowing effective neutralization of the opponent without the use of weapons.

The fundamental elements of Jujutsu are grappling techniques, joint locks, and throws. Throws aimed to unbalance and incapacitate the opponent, while joint locks and grappling were used to control and immobilize the opponent. The significance of Jujutsu in preparing samurai for hand-to-hand combat was immense, as it provided them with the tools to defend themselves in situations where weapons were unavailable or impractical.

Today, Jujutsu is still practiced but has also evolved into several modern disciplines. One of the most well-known forms that emerged from traditional Jujutsu is Judo (柔道), which means "gentle way." Judo, created by Jigoro Kano in the late 19th century, focuses on throws, joint locks, and chokes, as well as the sporting aspect of combat. Another modern form is Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ), which originated from Jujutsu and Judo techniques, emphasizing ground fighting. Both of these disciplines continue the philosophy of using the opponent's strength against them while preserving the core techniques and principles of traditional Jujutsu and adapting them to contemporary sports and self-defense contexts.

Iaijutsu (居合術): The Art of Quick Sword Drawing

Iaijutsu, literally meaning "the art of quick sword drawing," is one of the most important skills of samurai, focused on swiftly drawing and cutting with the sword in one fluid sequence of movements. Iaijutsu techniques were extremely useful in situations where the samurai had to react quickly to unexpected threats. Mastering these techniques required the warrior not only to have excellent coordination but also mental calm and precision.

The art of Iaijutsu includes various techniques, such as drawing the sword (nukitsuke), cutting (kiritsuke), and even cleaning the blade of blood (chiburi) and sheathing the sword (noto). Training focuses on the fluidity and precision of each movement, starting from a seated or standing position and ending with an effective cut to the opponent. The philosophy of Iaijutsu places great emphasis on spiritual development, promoting inner peace, concentration, and decisiveness. It is often associated with meditative practices that help the samurai maintain mental clarity in the face of danger.

Today, Iaijutsu is still practiced and taught in many dojos around the world, though in its modern form known as Iaido (居合道), which means "the way of quick sword drawing." Iaido emphasizes the spiritual and artistic aspects of the techniques, making it more of an art form than purely a combat discipline. Nonetheless, the fundamental principles and techniques remain unchanged, allowing this ancient art to be preserved and passed on to new generations of practitioners.

Other Combat Techniques Dependent on the Weapon Used

Besides the basic skills of swordsmanship, samurai also trained in the art of fighting with various weapons, making them versatile warriors. The most important of these disciplines included:

Sojutsu (槍術) – the art of fighting with a spear,
Naginatajutsu (薙刀術) – the art of fighting with a naginata,
Hojutsu (砲術) – the art of firearms shooting,
Bojutsu (棒術) – the art of fighting with a staff,
Shurikenjutsu (手裏剣術) – the art of throwing blades,
Kusarigamajutsu (鎖鎌術) – the art of fighting with a kusarigama (chain with a sickle),
Torite (捕手術) – the art of capturing and binding the opponent,
Fukumibarijutsu (吹針術) – the art of spitting needles,
Jittejutsu (十手術) – the art of fighting with a jitte (iron truncheon),
Tantojutsu (短刀術) – the art of fighting with a short sword (tanto).

Each of these disciplines required the samurai not only to possess technical skills but also to think strategically and adapt to different combat situations.

PRACTICAL SKILLS

In addition to proficiency in martial arts, samurai had to master a range of other practical skills necessary for survival and effective action in various situations. One such skill was, of course, horse riding, known as Bajutsu (馬術). Bajutsu training included not only basic riding skills but also techniques for fighting with weapons from the saddle and cavalry tactics.

Another essential skill was Suijutsu (水術), or the art of swimming and fighting in water. Samurai needed to be capable of crossing rivers, overcoming water obstacles, and conducting combat operations in aquatic environments. Suijutsu included techniques for swimming in full armor and ways to move and fight effectively in water.

Samurai also developed other practical skills, such as Tenmon (天文) – the skill of navigation and star observation, which allowed for planning military operations and moving through difficult terrain.

VALUES

Bushido, literally meaning "the way of the warrior," is the moral and ethical code that guided the lives of samurai. Bushido combined elements of various Japanese philosophical, religious, and cultural traditions, such as Zen, Confucianism, and Shintoism. The first mentions of Bushido appeared during the Kamakura period (1185-1333), and its principles were formalized during the Edo period (1603-1868).

The key principles of Bushido include loyalty, honor, courage, and self-discipline. These values were the foundation of samurai life and profoundly influenced their daily actions and decisions. Japanese philosophers such as Yamaga Soko and Inazo Nitobe wrote about Bushido, emphasizing its significance in shaping the morality and character of samurai. From Yamaga Soko's writings, we learn that samurai were shaped by Bushido, which combined Confucian morality with the practical principles of a warrior, emphasizing moral and spiritual development. Inazo Nitobe, in "Bushido: The Soul of Japan," shows how values such as loyalty, honor, and courage influenced the psychological and emotional strength of the samurai, shaping them into individuals capable of making difficult decisions and acting with determination and calm.

The core values that samurai were always expected to adhere to according to Bushido are:

Loyalty (忠義, chūgi)

Loyalty was the absolute foundation of Bushido. Samurai were bound to unwavering loyalty to their lord, even at the cost of their own lives. This loyalty was not limited to loyalty to the ruler but also extended to family, friends, and comrades. Yamaga Soko emphasized that loyalty was the foundation of trust, which cemented the relationships between samurai and their lords.

Honor (名誉, meiyo)

Honor was another paramount value in the life of a samurai. The warrior had to strive to preserve his honor and reputation at all times. Even in situations that threatened his life, his loved ones, or in any so-called "impossible" situation. Losing honor was considered worse than death, which in turn leads us to the practice of seppuku, ritual suicide, as a way to regain honor after committing a disgraceful act (this topic is worth a separate analysis, which I encourage you to read in our article here: ………………………………………………).

Courage (勇, yū)

Courage was an indispensable trait of every samurai. Bushido required the warrior to fearlessly face danger and death. Samurai courage was both physical and moral - it encompassed not only the willingness to fight but also the ability to make difficult decisions and stand up for their beliefs. This courage was closely linked to Zen philosophy, which taught samurai how to maintain calm and composure in the face of danger.

Self-Discipline (自律, jiritsu)

Self-discipline was essential for achieving excellence in Bushido. Samurai had to constantly hone their combat skills while also developing their spiritual and intellectual abilities. Self-discipline also encompassed control over emotions and desires, allowing samurai to maintain mental clarity and make rational decisions. Zen philosophy played a significant role here, teaching samurai how to achieve inner peace and balance through meditation and introspection.

The influence of Bushido on the lives of samurai was immense. This code not only shaped their actions on the battlefield but also affected their daily lives, interpersonal relationships, and approach to duties.

PHILOSOPHY

The philosophy of samurai was a complex system of values and beliefs that shaped their lives, actions, and approach to the world. It was a blend of various philosophical and religious traditions, creating a unique ethical and spiritual code. However, it always remained consistent with the overarching set of values that guided a samurai's life, as previously described in Bushido.

Majime (真面目)

Majime means seriousness, diligence, and responsibility. For samurai, majime was not only a personality trait but also a fundamental principle of life. It meant full engagement in everything they did, from daily duties to battle. Samurai strove to be trustworthy, reliable, and consistent in their actions. Simply put, it is due to the principle of majime that we never see smiling samurai in depictions, and if a samurai undertook a task, they treated it with utmost seriousness. (If you are interested in this topic, please read our article: ………………………………)

Gaman (我慢)

Gaman is a Japanese concept of endurance and patience in the face of difficulties. Samurai were trained to endure pain, discomfort, and pressure without complaint, maintaining calm and determination. Gaman was not only a physical trait but also an emotional and spiritual one, allowing samurai to maintain balance and control over themselves in the most challenging situations. This value ensures that we never hear of a samurai complaining about their fate. (If you are interested in this topic, please read our article: ………………………………)

Makoto (誠)

Makoto means sincerity and truthfulness. For samurai, this was a key value, signifying not only telling the truth but also being genuine in actions and intentions. Makoto was associated with being true to oneself and others, as well as fulfilling commitments and obligations with full engagement. In the vision of the ideal samurai, if a samurai made a promise, we know that even if it cost them their life, they would do everything to keep it. It is also unthinkable that in this ideal vision, a samurai would lie for personal gain – this too is makoto.

Mono no Aware (物の哀れ)

Mono no aware is an aesthetic and philosophical concept that means "sensitivity to the transience of things" or "the sorrow of things." Through their life experiences and meditation, samurai developed a deep awareness and acceptance of life's impermanence. This sensitivity shaped their perception of the world and helped them appreciate the beauty of moments and experiences that, though fleeting, were full of meaning. This trait often makes samurai seem like poets (and often they were).

Zen

Zen, one of the main schools of Buddhism, had a profound influence on samurai philosophy. Zen emphasized meditation (zazen), inner peace, and intuitive understanding of the nature of reality. Samurai practiced Zen to develop concentration, mental calm, and the ability to act immediately without unnecessary thoughts. Zen taught them to remain present in the moment, which was crucial both in combat and in daily life. This particular skill of being mindful of the present moment and reality (today called "mindfulness") underlies most martial arts.

Confucianism

Confucianism, introduced to Japan from China, also significantly influenced samurai philosophy. Confucian values such as loyalty, filial piety, respect for elders, and social hierarchy were integrated into the Bushido code. Confucianism emphasized morality, ethics, and social responsibility, helping samurai shape their relationships with others and perform their duties with the highest care. While it might be somewhat risky to say that the Bushido code owes its existence to Confucianism, it is certainly easy to think so.

Shintoism

Shintoism, Japan's native belief system, also influenced samurai. Shinto beliefs in spirits (kami) and natural forces, as well as purification rituals and respect for nature, were part of the samurai's spiritual life. Shintoism promoted harmony with nature and belief in the spiritual presence of ancestors, enriching the spiritual side of samurai life.

KNOWLEDGE

Literature and Art

Familiarity with Classical Japanese Literature

In addition to combat skills, samurai were also well-educated and cultivated art and literature. Familiarity with classical Japanese literature was mandatory. Every samurai had to know works such as "Tale of Genji" (源氏物語, Genji Monogatari) by Murasaki Shikibu, considered the world's first novel, and "The Tale of the Heike" (平家物語, Heike Monogatari), an epic account of the Genpei War. Other important works included "Kokin Wakashū" (古今和歌集), a collection of classical Japanese poetry, and "Manyoshu" (万葉集), the oldest anthology of Japanese poetry.

Calligraphy and Poetry (Haiku)

Calligraphy, known as Shodo (書道), was an essential part of samurai education. They learned to write beautifully and precisely, which was considered a reflection of inner peace and discipline. Poetry, especially haiku, also played an important role. Haiku, short poems consisting of 17 syllables, allowed samurai to express their feelings and observations of nature in a condensed form. Famous poets whose works samurai had to know included Matsuo Basho, considered a master of haiku, and Yosa Buson and Kobayashi Issa.

Other Forms of Art Cultivated by Samurai

Samurai also cultivated other forms of art, such as ikebana (生け花) – the art of flower arranging, and chado (茶道) – the tea ceremony. These practices were not only forms of artistic expression but also ways to develop patience, precision, and inner peace. Through the tea ceremony, samurai learned values such as kindness, tranquility, and harmony.

History and Military Tactics

Studies on Japanese History and Military Tactics

Samurai studied Japanese history to understand the cultural and political context in which they operated. Knowledge of past conflicts, military strategies, and achievements of great commanders was crucial for their military education. Important works included "Taiheiki" (太平記), a chronicle of the Nanboku-cho wars, and "Gukansho" (愚管抄), an analysis of Japanese history by Jien. Of course, equally important were semi-historical, semi-legendary works about the origins of the Japanese state, such as Kojiki and Nihon Shoki.

Familiarity with Military Strategy and Defensive Engineering

Studies on military strategies included knowledge of works such as "The Art of War" (孫子兵法) by Sun Tzu and "The Book of Five Rings" (五輪書, Go Rin No Sho) by Miyamoto Musashi. Samurai had to understand principles of battle planning, troop maneuvering, and building fortifications. Defensive engineering was equally important – samurai learned how to design and construct castles and other defensive structures to protect their lands and people. Knowledge of these topics was essential for maintaining military advantage and effective defense against enemies.

A Day in the Life of a Teenager Training to Become a Samurai

The sunrise over the eastern horizon marks the beginning of a new day full of intense training for a young samurai, just twelve years old. The life of a young warrior was organized around rigorous schedules aimed at developing both his physical and intellectual skills.

Morning Preparations

In the morning, the young samurai would wake up and begin with stretching exercises and meditation. Meditation, often inspired by Zen philosophy, helped him develop inner peace and concentration, essential both in combat and daily life.

Physical Training

After a short breakfast of rice, protein-rich miso soup with salmon, and tsukemono (pickled vegetables), he would start his intensive physical training. The young samurai practiced various martial arts, beginning with kenjutsu (剣術) – the art of swordsmanship. Under the watchful eye of a master, the boy honed techniques of cuts, parries, and the quick draw of the sword (iaijutsu, 居合術). Next, he practiced archery (kyujutsu, 弓術), learning precise shooting with the yumi, the traditional Japanese bow.

Intellectual Education

After a meal break, the young samurai would engage in intellectual learning. A key element of this part of the day was calligraphy (shodo, 書道), which developed precision, patience, and an aesthetic sense of beauty. Samurai studied classical Japanese literature under the guidance of an experienced teacher.

Philosophical Studies

Philosophical studies were also an important part of education. The young warrior delved into Confucian teachings, which emphasized morality, ethics, and social hierarchy, as well as Zen practices, which taught meditation and inner peace. These lessons were not only theoretical but also practical – samurai learned how to apply these principles in daily life and on the battlefield through discussions with their teacher.

Afternoon Exercises

After a nutritious lunch consisting of a bowl of rice, grilled fish, pickled vegetables, and tofu, it was time to practice the highly important tea ceremony (chado, 茶道) under the careful guidance of a teacher. This was a meditative practice that taught patience and precision.

Thus calmed, the boy would proceed to hand-to-hand combat training. The next stage was jujutsu (柔術) training, where the young warrior learned techniques of throws, locks, and holds that allowed him to effectively incapacitate an opponent without the use of weapons. Another integral part of training included horse riding (bajutsu, 馬術), which allowed him to master the skills of fighting from the saddle.

Evening Reflections

The day ended with evening meditation and reflection on the past day. The young samurai analyzed his progress, mistakes, and successes, mentally preparing for another day of training and learning. This was a time for contemplation and gratitude for yet another day.

Through daily rigorous training, the young samurai gradually transformed into a well-rounded warrior, ready to fulfill his role in feudal Japanese society.

Samurai Schools

Young samurai were educated in a wide range of skills necessary for their role as warriors and guardians of morality. The educational process could be organized in various ways. Many samurai families hired different teachers specializing in specific fields, such as martial arts, calligraphy, literature, military strategy, or philosophy. Each teacher imparted their specialized knowledge, allowing the young samurai to develop well-rounded skills.

Alternatively, samurai could attend renowned schools that offered comprehensive training programs. These schools often functioned as boarding schools, where young warriors lived and trained under the guidance of masters. Students were required to follow strict rules and a rigorous training schedule, aimed at shaping them both physically and spiritually.

Katori Shinto-ryu (香取神道流)

Katori Shinto-ryu, founded in the 15th century by Choiisai Ienao, is one of the oldest and most respected samurai schools. This school places great emphasis on traditional techniques of sword fighting (kenjutsu), spear fighting (sojutsu), archery (kyujutsu), and military strategy (heihō).

Specific training methods and administration of Katori Shinto-ryu include:

Kata: Formal sets of movements practiced to perfect technique and coordination.
Sparring: Controlled fights aimed at developing practical skills.
Mokuroku: A system of grading and certification that documents a student's progress.

Yagyu Shinkage-ryu (柳生新陰流)

Yagyu Shinkage-ryu, founded by Kamiizumi Nobutsuna and developed by Yagyu Munetoshi in the 16th century, is another well-known samurai school specializing in the art of swordsmanship. This school is known for its unique approach to defensive techniques and philosophy of combat.

Specific training methods of Yagyu Shinkage-ryu include:

Muto-dori: Techniques of fighting without a weapon, where the samurai learns to disarm an opponent with bare hands.
Taijutsu: Techniques of evasion and parrying attacks, emphasizing fluid movements and minimizing the force used for defense.
Kenjutsu: Advanced sword techniques focusing on precise and effective cutting and defense.

Despite their differences in approach and techniques, both schools shared a common goal: to shape samurai who were not only masters in martial arts but also individuals with a deep understanding of philosophy, strategy, and ethics. Today, these schools still exist, continuing traditions and passing knowledge to new generations of practitioners worldwide.

Conclusion

Samurai were not only masters of martial arts but also well-rounded and spiritually developed individuals. In theory, their value system and disciplined lives were filled with dedication and a constant pursuit of perfection. Apart from combat skills, they possessed extensive knowledge in literature, philosophy, and fine arts. An interesting fact is that samurai often composed their own haiku, which had not only artistic value but also served as a form of meditation and introspection. Haiku allowed them a moment of reflection and connection with nature, which was extremely important for their spiritual development.

Many samurai were also skilled in calligraphy and ink painting, known as sumi-e. This art form, requiring precision and breath control, was an excellent complement to their physical and mental training. Calligraphy and painting not only developed their artistic skills but also served as an expression of spiritual harmony and inner peace, which were integral parts of the samurai ethos. Through these practices, samurai became not only exceptional warriors but also individuals with profound sensitivity and understanding of the world.

What skills a Samurai Must Have – Skilled Assassin, Sensitive Poet, Disciplined Philosopher?