Ukiyo-e in Tattooing

The irezumi tattoo is an unmistakable trademark—a delicate design full of hidden meanings and symbolism drawn from Japanese history and the art of ukiyo-e. Anyone who is even slightly familiar with Japanese culture recognizes this detailed, colorful image, which often serves as a signature mark of yakuza members.

A dragon winding along the spine, a dazzling peony on the chest, a menacing oni guarding the heart—these ornaments are no accident. Each motif carries its own story and message, carefully chosen to reflect a part of the owner's soul. Dragons, koi, tigers, unique faces, and events—each of these symbols in yakuza culture carries deep meaning, representing courage, resilience, strength of spirit, readiness to die, and more. What principles accompany their tattooing? When does a newcomer reach for irezumi? What does each of these images signify?

Irezumi is an art that requires months, even years, of patience, pain, and reflection. The traditional tebori technique, an enduring legacy of Japan, uses handmade tools that gradually insert pigment under the skin, creating deep, intricate designs often inspired by ukiyo-e woodblock prints. It is a testament to personal history and status, but also an homage to the art of ukiyo-e artists, like Kuniyoshi or Hokusai, who inspired tattoo masters to create vivid representations, myths, and concealed emotions.

What lies behind this dark aesthetic? The history of irezumi is a story of an art form that has survived centuries of prohibition and exclusion. It is a history where the criminal underworld meets the artistic world—fascination on one hand, and fear on the other. In the following article, we will delve into the history of yakuza tattoos, the specifics of the relationship between irezumi and ukiyo-e, and explore the most popular yakuza tattoo motifs, their meanings, and the profound symbolism of this unique art form.

What is Irezumi?

(In today’s article, we’ll explore the art of yakuza tattoos. To learn about the origins of the yakuza, check out this article: Yakuza's beginings, to learn about the yakuza’s decline: Yakuza's Fall, and for an insight into the lives of yakuza women: Women of yakuza).

The word irezumi (入れ墨) is written in kanji characters: 入 (ire), meaning “to insert” or “to place,” and 墨 (sumi), meaning “ink” or “pigment.” The literal translation of this term is “inserting ink,” which refers to the tattooing process in which ink is placed beneath the skin. Alternative kanji used for irezumi, such as 刺青 (shisei), literally “piercing in blue,” further emphasizes the process of manually piercing the skin and the blue-green tint characteristic of traditional Nara ink.

The history of the term itself dates back to ancient times, when tattoos were used to mark tribal affiliations or social status. Over the years, the word irezumi began to encompass designs with profound spiritual meanings, inspired by mythology, legends, and (from the Edo period onward) ukiyo-e art. Initially associated with lower social classes like laborers and fishermen, irezumi evolved to become a hallmark and symbol of courage among yakuza members, as well as an element of traditional Japanese art.

Irezumi is a traditional Japanese tattoo that stands out for its manual technique called tebori. This method, practiced for hundreds of years, involves the precise insertion of ink under the skin using specially crafted tools—wooden handles with needles attached by silk threads.

Irezumi tattoos often feature motifs referencing Japanese mythology and culture: from majestic dragons and fearsome oni demons, to symbols of bravery like tigers, and delicate cherry blossoms and peonies, symbolizing the beauty and transience of life. There are also figures from legends and myths, as well as elements related to natural forces, such as waves and clouds, which add dynamism and depth to the composition. Each of these elements not only decorates the body but also carries a specific meaning, becoming a unique story of its owner. Further in the article, we will explore the meanings of the most popular tattoo motifs among the yakuza.

The tebori technique makes irezumi not just an art of body decoration but also a ritual. The tattoo artist manually pierces the skin with special needles, immersing them in Nara-sumi ink, which gives the designs their characteristic blue-green tint. The process is incredibly precise—the tattoo artist performs hundreds, even thousands, of individual piercings, creating each detail slowly and meticulously. These sessions often last many hours, spanning weeks or even years, which reinforces the ritualistic aspect of irezumi. This lengthy and demanding work makes the tattoo a testament to the determination and character of the person wearing it. This is especially evident among yakuza members, for whom irezumi represents an expression of loyalty and courage.

The History of Irezumi

The history of irezumi dates back to prehistoric times, when tattoos were used as tribal marks and held ritualistic functions. Early tattoos served not only as identification but also as protection against evil spirits or a way to express strength and courage. During the Yayoi period (300 B.C. - 300 A.D.), some communities used tattoos as a form of symbolic expression. In subsequent centuries, with influences from China and the introduction of Confucianism, attitudes toward tattoos shifted—they began to be seen as something barbaric.

However, during the Edo period (1603–1868), tattoos took on a completely new significance. The authorities began using irezumi as a form of punishment—known as irezumi kei—intended to mark criminals. Instead of severing ears or noses, as was common in other cultures, criminals were marked with tattoos as a permanent reminder of their crimes and to warn society. Such tattoos could include symbols like rings around the forearm or simple patterns on the forehead. Even after serving their sentence, a person with such a tattoo could not expect a warm welcome from society.

During the Meiji era (1868–1912), attitudes toward tattoos changed—the new government, aiming to turn Japan into a modern country respected in the West, banned tattooing, treating it as a relic of a primitive past. Despite these restrictions, the tradition of irezumi survived, especially among marginalized social groups, including criminal groups. Tattoos now took on a new character, becoming symbols of defiance against the authorities and society, as well as loyalty to one’s group.

The postwar period brought partial change—during the occupation of Japan, the ban was lifted by American forces, allowing irezumi to develop again. Although the social stigma remained and tattoos are still associated with crime, traditional tebori masters continue this ancient art, now mainly at the behest of yakuza members.

Yakuza Customs Related to Irezumi

In the yakuza world, tattoos carry deep symbolism that goes far beyond aesthetics. Each motif, line, and color is carefully chosen to reflect the qualities, values, and loyalty of the individual. A yakuza tattoo signifies affiliation and readiness to live according to the strict principles of this organization. Tattoos are not made spontaneously—their meaning and arrangement are determined based on a yakuza member’s achievements, character, and loyalty. The first tattoo often appears when the initiate has demonstrated dedication to the organization and confirmed readiness to advance within its structure.

The process of tattooing irezumi is marked by ritual and requires the individual to have full patience and resistance to pain. Each session is a unique test of character, and the suffering accompanying the tebori technique is the price paid for belonging. Before proceeding with each new tattoo section, the decision is often consulted with higher-ranking members. Each step, each additional element requires approval, and its execution is a unique ritual marking further stages of life and service within the organization.

A complete body suit, a tattoo covering the entire body, is the highest form of devotion. However, even it is performed with symbolic gaps, located in the central part of the torso, called munewari. Munewari (胸割り) means “chest break” and holds deep significance—it symbolizes openness and is a practical solution allowing the tattoo to be covered by formal clothing. The entire tattooing process can take many years, during which the tattoo becomes not just a decoration but a testament to the journey the irezumi wearer has undertaken.

Irezumi and Ukiyo-e

Irezumi and ukiyo-e are inseparably connected because it is ukiyo-e art that has given Japanese tattoos their characteristic aesthetics and iconography. The artistic and cultural foundations of irezumi are deeply rooted in ukiyo-e images that dominated the Edo period. One of the greatest inspirations and pioneers of this trend was Utagawa Kuniyoshi, who, through his works like the series “108 Heroes of Suikoden,” introduced motifs that remain extremely popular in yakuza tattoos to this day. In his depictions of the heroes from the Chinese classic Shui Hu Zhuan (水滸傳), Kuniyoshi portrayed characters adorned with symbol-rich tattoos—dragons, tigers, and waves symbolizing strength, courage, and determination.

Kuniyoshi was not the only artist whose work permeated the world of tattoos. Hokusai, the master of the famous piece “The Great Wave off Kanagawa,” also had a tremendous influence on the aesthetics and techniques of irezumi. The motif of waves, especially those inspired by “36 Views of Mount Fuji,” became a classic pattern in tattoos, adding a sense of dynamism and elemental character. Other popular elements, like dragons and koi carp, inspired by Hokusai’s work and his successors, became an allegory of perseverance and spiritual strength, now essential symbols in irezumi.

The collaboration between ukiyo-e artists and tattoo artists was so deep that many tattoo masters began their careers working on woodblocks. The tebori technique—manually piercing the skin—was considered similar to woodblock printing. Both required immense precision and patience, and the tools used by tattoo artists were often inspired by those employed by ukiyo-e creators. The rhythm of work, as well as the ability to gradually build details, carried over from the ukiyo-e workshop to the tattoo studio. Symbolism used in ukiyo-e—from oni demons to images of gods and cherry blossoms—began to play a key role in irezumi iconography, bringing profound meaning to each composition.

Suikoden, Ukiyo-e, and the Yakuza

Suikoden, also known as Shui Hu Zhuan (水滸傳), or Water Margin, has had a profound impact on Japanese culture, ukiyo-e art, and the very tradition of irezumi itself. This classic Chinese novel, translated into Japanese in 1757 by Okajima Kanzanion, tells the story of 108 rebels and heroes who stood against injustice and tyranny. The heroes of Suikoden—fearless, honorable, loyal to each other and to the ideal of fighting for justice—embodied values that became integral to yakuza culture, especially during the Edo period (1603–1868), when the organization was beginning to shape its values and code of conduct.

One of the most influential ukiyo-e artists who brought the heroes of Suikoden into Japanese cultural consciousness was Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797–1861). His woodblock print series, 108 Heroes of Suikoden, created in 1827, depicted characters from the Chinese tale as powerful, brave warriors, adorned with intricate and symbolically rich tattoos. Kuniyoshi imbued them with Japanese qualities, saturating their images with dragons, tigers, oni demons, and other designs that later became iconic irezumi motifs. Each hero bore a tattoo that reflected his personality, strength, and character—traits that the yakuza adopted as the foundation of their identity.

One of Suikoden’s iconic heroes, a figure who could be considered a spiritual patron of the yakuza, was Li Kui, known in Japan as Rikiya Kosho (力也). Portrayed with a tiger tattoo symbolizing his brutal strength and fearlessness, Li Kui was a character of untamed nature, loyal to the end and always ready for battle. The images of Rikiya Kosho created by Kuniyoshi quickly found their way into irezumi designs—tiger tattoos came to represent not only physical strength but also the indomitable courage and determination that became central to the yakuza’s ethos.

Another pivotal hero of Suikoden, who found a place in the iconography of irezumi, was Lin Chong, a martial arts master and commander with a strong sense of justice. Kuniyoshi depicted him surrounded by water motifs and dragons—symbols of strength and endurance. For the yakuza, the dragons Lin Chong bore became an allegory of inner strength and power, helping them to endure the hardships and dangers of life on the fringes of society. Choosing a dragon as a tattoo for a yakuza member signified not only a desire to be powerful but also respect for the symbolism of strength, controlled and used only when necessary.

Another key aspect of Suikoden’s iconography in yakuza tattoos was loyalty to the group and an oath of fidelity. Characters like Song Jiang, the leader of the 108 heroes, reflected the profound value of loyalty and brotherhood. Yakuza, especially during the Meiji period (1868–1912), began to emphasize similar values, particularly in the context of group tattoos. Before joining the organization, young members often underwent rituals to prepare them. Tattoos inspired by Suikoden, created with the approval of senior members, became a symbol of this oath—they wore them as a sign that they were ready to sacrifice everything to defend the organization’s honor.

Equally important was Suikoden’s influence on Japanese visual art and the role played by the collaboration between ukiyo-e artists and tattoo artists. Kuniyoshi’s works provide an example of how ukiyo-e motifs and techniques were transformed into tattoos. Many designs from Suikoden, such as peonies, waves, and clouds adorning battle scenes, became indispensable elements of irezumi compositions, giving tattoos dynamism and depth. The artistry with which Kuniyoshi depicted characters and the detailed ornaments added not only aesthetic beauty to tattoos but also a hidden message.

Thus, Suikoden, through the ukiyo-e art and works of Kuniyoshi, introduced values that eventually became the core of yakuza culture—strength, loyalty, courage, and a readiness to fight tyranny. A tattoo inspired by Suikoden, worn by yakuza members, was not just a decoration—it was a symbol, reminding the wearer of their oath and chosen path.

Most Popular Ukiyo-e Images in Yakuza Irezumi

As a traditional Japanese tattoo, irezumi has become a unique language through which the yakuza express their values, status, and personal philosophy. The most frequently chosen motifs draw from the richness of Japanese mythology, art, and symbolism—images full of strength, courage, and loyalty. Dragons and tigers symbolize an unbreakable will and control over one’s fate, while koi carp, with their mythical journey to the Dragon’s Gate, represent perseverance and the ability to overcome adversity. The goddess Benzaiten, the personification of knowledge and fortune, as well as ominous oni demons bringing destruction, are also popular designs among yakuza members, helping them reflect the strength and determination their way of life requires.

Inspiration for these tattoos is deeply rooted in Japan’s ancient history. Specifically, they draw from the aesthetics and directly from specific ukiyo-e works that have permeated irezumi culture. Scenes from 108 Heroes of Suikoden and Hokusai’s dramatic depictions of waves not only give tattoos a particular dynamism but also enrich them with ethical values of courage and a willingness to sacrifice. Each tattoo thus becomes a unique narrative, where each element tells a story of striving for an ideal of courage, cunning, or resilience. In this way, yakuza, like the samurai of old, draw inspiration from ukiyo-e icons and heroes to symbolically reinforce their position and express their inner values. The most frequently used images include:

▫ “108 Heroes of Suikoden” (百八星図 / Hyakuhachiseizu, Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 1827) – powerful warriors inspiring courage and loyalty, often copied or interpreted in yakuza tattoos.

▫ “The Great Wave off Kanagawa” (神奈川沖浪裏 / Kanagawa oki nami ura, Katsushika Hokusai, 1831) – a symbol of relentless struggle against adversity, dynamism, and the power of natural forces.

▫ “Shuten Dōji” (酒呑童子 / Shuten Dōji, Utagawa Yoshitsuya, 1851) – a mythical demon whose defeat symbolizes triumph over evil and fearlessness.

▫ “Kintaro Fighting a Carp” (金太郎鯉退治 / Kintarō koi taiji, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 1881) – a young hero symbolizing perseverance and strength, often used in tattoos as a reminder of power.

▫ “Benzaiten and the Dragon” (弁才天と龍 / Benzaiten to ryū, Katsushika Hokusai, 1840) – a depiction of the goddess of knowledge and power, considered a patron of success and protection.

▫ “Raijin and Fujin” (雷神と風神 / Raijin to Fūjin, Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 1832) – gods of thunder and wind, symbols of untamed power and respect for nature.

▫ “Oni on the Battlefield” (戦場の鬼 / Senjō no Oni, Kawanabe Kyōsai, 1872) – demons fighting in the heat of battle, expressing the chaos and dangers of a criminal life.

▫ “Hannya Image” (般若 / Hannya, unknown artist, 15th century) – a popular image of the demon of jealousy and anger, reflecting inner conflicts and complex emotions.

▫ “Heikegani Crabs” (平家蟹 / Heikegani, Utagawa Hiroshige, 1836) – samurai reborn as crabs, symbolizing honor after death and persistence in seeking justice.

▫ “Karajishi (Fu Lions) in Peony Blossoms” (唐獅子牡丹 / Karajishi botan, Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 1848) – protective lions and peonies symbolizing strength combined with elegance and fortune.

Other Popular Motifs and Their Meanings:

• Ryu (Dragon) – symbol of wisdom and strength.
• Koi (Carp) – courage, perseverance, and transformation.
• Fujin (God of Wind) – protection and control of the elements.
• Raijin (God of Thunder) – fierce power and struggle.
• Kirin – prosperity and a sign of wise leadership.
• Baku (Dream Eater) – protection from nightmares.
• Karajishi (Guardian Lions) – bravery and guardianship.
• Hou-ou (Phoenix) – rebirth and triumph.
• Oni (Demon) – dark power, but also protection.
• Kitsune (Fox) – intelligence, magic, and transformation.
• Hebi (Snake) – renewal and guardianship of wealth.
• Fudo Myoo – spiritual protection and battle against obstacles.
• Sakura (Cherry Blossom) – the fleeting nature of life and beauty of transience.
• Hannya – jealousy, suffering, and human nature.
• Peony (Botan) – wealth and courage.
• Chrysanthemum (Kiku) – longevity and joy.
• Tengu – symbol of a spiritual teacher and warrior.
• Namakubi – a symbol of courage and acceptance of fate.
• Torii – transition to the spiritual world.
• Tanuki – cleverness, joy, and spirit of mischief.

Conclusion

Although for yakuza members and those who share their values, these tattoos are expressions of courage, loyalty, and belonging, they carry mostly negative connotations for Japanese society. Irezumi is associated with crime, which in turn leads people with such tattoos to frequently experience ostracism. The presence of tattoos, especially those with distinct irezumi aesthetics, can be a reason for being denied entry to onsen (bathhouses), gyms, and even certain restaurants—places where harmony and the absence of controversial elements are traditionally valued.

Despite irezumi being a form of art with deep history and an unparalleled style, the impact of such tattoos on Japanese society is clear. The symbolism associated with motifs like dragons, oni, and ukiyo-e characters elicits respect but also unease. Many people, especially younger generations, choose to wear tattoos inspired by irezumi, but with more subtle motifs and smaller formats, attempting to break the taboo around tattoos. Nevertheless, traditional Japanese society often views tattoos as expressions of rebellion against social norms, rather than solely as forms of art or aesthetics.

At the same time, the growing globalization and popularity of tattoos in the West bring about changes in how irezumi is perceived within Japan itself. Although full-body suits remain rare outside the ranks of the yakuza, many artists draw inspiration from the aesthetics of Japanese tattooing, and the younger generation is beginning to recognize its artistic value. However, irezumi remains far from being widely accepted in Japan.

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 A connoisseur of Asian culture with a deep-seated appreciation for various philosophies of the world. By education, psychologist and Korean philologist. By heart, an Android developer and an ardent tech aficionado. In tranquil moments, he champions a disciplined way of life, firmly believing that steadfastness, perpetual self-enhancement, and a dedication to one's passions is a sensible path for life.

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